Russia-Ukraine Crisis: How to Strengthen Your Security Posture to Protect against Cyber Attack, based on CISA Guidelines

Nagi Prabhu

Last updated on: December 23, 2022

CISA has created Shields Up as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Qualys is responding with additional security, monitoring and governance measures. This blog details how and what our enterprise customers can do to immediately strengthen their security posture and meet CISA’s recommendations.

With the invasion of Ukraine by Russia, the U.S. Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) has created a program titled Shields Up and provided specific guidance to all organizations. The Russian government has used cyber operations as a key component of force projection in the past and has targeted critical infrastructure to destabilize a governments’ response capabilities. Critical infrastructure can include supply chain (including software supply chain), power, utilities, communications, transportation, and government and military organizations.

Protecting Customer Data on Qualys Cloud Platform

Qualys is strongly committed to the security of our customers and their data. In addition to proactive risk mitigation with continuous patch and configuration management, we continually monitor all our environments for any indication of active threats, exploits and compromises. We hold our platforms to the highest security and compliance mandates like FedRAMP. However, given the heightened risk environment around the globe, the Qualys Security and Engineering teams have been at a heightened state of vigilance in recent weeks. We continuously monitor our internal systems in this amplified threat environment. We are working with our security partners to access the latest threat intel. We have implemented additional security, monitoring, and governance measures involving our senior leadership and are committed to ensuring that the Qualys Cloud Platform remains available and secure to support the enterprises we serve worldwide.

Urgent: Assess and Heighten Your Security Posture

Based on high-level guidelines provided by CISA, Qualys is recommending all organizations to establish the following actionable steps to adopt heightened cybersecurity posture to protect critical assets.

There are 4 steps necessary to strengthen security posture per CISA’s Shields Up guidance:


Implement CISA’s Shields Up Guidance


Step 1: Monitor Your Shodan/Internet Exposed Assets

Discover and protect your external facing assets

An organization’s internet-facing systems represent much of their potential attack surface. Cyber threat actors are continuously scanning the internet for vulnerable systems to target attacks and campaigns. Often hackers find this information readily available on the dark web or in plain sight on internet search engines such as Shodan.io.

Inventory all your assets and monitor your external attack surface. Qualys CyberSecurity Asset Management (CSAM) provides comprehensive visibility of your external-facing IT infrastructure by natively correlating asset telemetry collected by Qualys sensors (e.g. Internet Scanners, Cloud Agents, Network Passive Sensors) and key built-in integrations such as Shodan.io and Public Cloud Providers.

One of the biggest risks is unknown unknowns. These gaps in visibility happen for many reasons – including shadow IT, forgotten websites, legacy services, mergers & acquisitions (M&A), or simply because a development team exposes an application or database without informing their security team.

CSAM enables you to continuously discover these blind spots and assess their security and compliance posture.

Monitor Industrial Control Systems and Operational Technology

Network segmentation traditionally kept Industrial Control Systems air-gapped. However, the acceleration of digital transformation has enabled more of these systems to connect with corporate as well as external networks, such as device vendors and Industrial IoT platforms. Further, the majority of Operational Technology utilizes legacy, non-secure protocols.

Build full visibility of your critical infrastructure, network communications, and vulnerabilities with Qualys Industrial Control Security (ICS).

Detect and disable all non-essential ports and protocols, especially on internet exposed assets

Inventory your internal and external-facing assets, report open ports, and detected services on each port. Qualys CSAM supports extensive query language that enables teams to report and act on detected external facing assets that have a remote-control service running (for example Windows Remote Desktop). 

Ensure all systems are protected with up-to-date antivirus/anti-malware software

Flag assets within your inventory that are missing antivirus, or with signatures that are not up to date. CSAM allows you to define Software Rules and assign required software on a specific scope of assets or environment. For example, all database servers should have antivirus and a data loss prevention agent.

Verify that your antivirus/anti-malware engine is up to date with the latest signatures.

For devices missing antivirus or anti-malware, Qualys Multi-Vector EDR with Integrated Anti-Malware can be easily enabled wherever the Qualys Cloud Agent is installed to provide immediate threat protection. In addition to basic anti-malware protection, Multi-Vector EDR will monitor endpoint activity to identify suspicious and malicious activity that usually bypasses traditional antivirus such as Living-off-the-Land attacks as well as MITRE ATT&CK tactics and techniques.

Step 2: Detect, Prioritize and Remediate CISA’s Catalog of Known Exploited Vulnerabilities

Qualys Researcher analyzed all the 300+ CVEs from CISA known exploited vulnerabilities and mapped them to the Qualys QIDs. Many of these CVEs have patches available for the past several years. A new “CISA Exploited” RTI was added to VMDR to help customers create vulnerabilities reports that are focused on CISA exploited vulnerabilities. Customers can use the VMDR vulnerabilities page or VMDR prioritization page and filter the results to focus on all the “CISA Exploited” open vulnerabilities in their environment.  

Following are some of the critical vulnerabilities cataloged by CISA, as specifically known to be exploited by Russian state-sponsored APT actors for initial access include:

CVEQIDTitleRelease DateCVSS_V3
CVE-2018-1337943702Fortinet Fortigate (FortiOS) System File Leak through Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Virtual Private Network (VPN) via Specially Crafted Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Resource Requests (FG-IR-18-384)9/12/20199.8
CVE-2019-272587386Oracle WebLogic Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (Oracle Security Alert Advisory – CVE-2019-2725)4/27/20199.8
CVE-2019-7609371687Kibana Multiple Security Vulnerabilities (ESA-2019-01,ESA-2019-02,ESA-2019-03)4/18/201910
CVE-2019-1014950092Exim Remote Command Execution Vulnerability6/5/20199.8
CVE-2019-1151038771Pulse Connect Secure Multiple Security Vulnerabilities (SA44101)8/6/201910
CVE-2019-19781372305Citrix ADC And Citrix Gateway Arbitrary Code Execution Vulnerability(CTX267027)12/23/20199.8
CVE-2020-068850098Microsoft Exchange Server Security Update for February 20202/12/20209.8
CVE-2020-400613215VMware Workspace One Access Command Injection Vulnerability (VMSA-2020-0027)12/7/20209.1
CVE-2020-5902  38791  F5 BIG-IP ASM,LTM,APM TMUI Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (K52145254) (unauthenticated check)  7/5/2020  9.8
CVE-2020-1488287431Oracle WebLogic Server Multiple Vulnerabilities (CPUOCT2020)10/21/20209.8
CVE-2021-26855, CVE-2021- 26857 CVE-2021-26858, CVE-2021-27065  50107Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (ProxyLogon)3/3/20219.8

See the full list of CISA known exploited vulnerabilities.

Remediate CISA recommended catalog of exploited vulnerabilities

For all CISA cataloged vulnerabilities known to be exploited by Russian state-sponsored actors, Qualys Patch Management customers can create a patch and configuration fix jobs to remediate the risk of all vulnerabilities directly from the VMDR console. Qualys Patch Management maps “CISA Exploited” vulnerabilities detected in the environment to the relevant patches required to remediate those vulnerabilities by downloading the patches without needing to go through the VPN. Customers may use Zero Touch patching to automate the process and ensure all CISA exploited vulnerabilities are automatically fixed including the new vulnerabilities added to the CISA catalog in the future.  

Monitor and ensure your software are always up to date

Immediately know all end-of-support critical components across your environment, including open-source software. Qualys CSAM tracks lifecycle stages and corresponding support status, to help organizations manage their technical debt and to reduce the risk of not receiving security patches from the vendor. Security and IT teams can work together to plan upgrades ahead of time by knowing upcoming end-of-life & end-of-support dates.

Use the “Prioritize Report” function in Qualys Patch Management to map software in your environment to the security risk opposed. Prioritize your remediation efforts based on software that introduces the most risk. Use this report to create automated patch jobs to ensure that the riskiest software is always up to date. Alternatively, deploy individual patches for the riskiest software. 

Step 3: Protect Your Cloud Services and Office 365

As noted by CISA, misconfiguration of cloud services and SaaS applications like Office 365 are the primary attack vector for breaches.

Detect and Remediate Public Cloud Infrastructure Misconfigurations

Protect your public cloud infrastructure by securing the following services on priority:

  • IAM: Ensure all users are MFA enabled and rotate all access keys older than 30 days. Verify that all service accounts are valid (i.e. in use) and have the minimum privilege.
  • Audit Logs: Turn on access logging for all cloud management events and for critical services (e.g. S3, RDS, etc.)
  • Public-facing assets: Validate that the firewall rules for public-facing assets allow only the needed ports. Pay special attention to RDP access. Place any system with an open RDP port behind a firewall and require users to use a VPN to access it through the firewall.

 Automatically detect and remediate cloud misconfigurations using Qualys CloudView.

Protect your Office 365 and Other SaaS Services

Enforce multi-factor authentication on all accounts with access to Office 365 tenants. At a minimum, enable MFA for accounts with different admin access rights to the tenant. Qualys SaaSDR lists all such accounts on which MFA is disabled. Further, Qualys SaaSDR enables continuous security posture assessment of Office 365 via the CIS (Center for Internet Security) certified policy for Office, along with automated security configuration assessment for Zoom, Salesforce, and Google Workspace. This is based on an analysis of all security weaknesses, critical vulnerabilities, and exploits leveraged by attackers in historical attacks as well as security assessments based on the MITRE ATT&CK framework.

Step 4: Continuously Detect any Potential Threats and Attacks 

Monitor for increases in suspicious and malicious activities as well as anomalous behavior on all endpoints. With Qualys Multi-Vector EDR, customers can detect Indicators of Compromise (IOC) and MITRE ATT&CK Tactics & Techniques provided by CISA and respond quickly to mitigate the risk by capturing process, file, and network events on the endpoint and correlating them with the latest Threat Intelligence, including new and upcoming Indicators of Compromise (IOC) constantly added by the Qualys Research Team. Anomalous endpoint behavior is detected and identified as MITRE ATT&CK Tactics and Techniques.

The Appendix at the bottom of this post contains a list of Indicators of Compromise (IOC) and MITRE ATT&CK Tactics & Techniques being utilized.

Take Action to Learn More about How to Strengthen Your Defenses

We encourage you to learn more about how to strengthen your defenses consistent with CISA Shields Up guidelines using Qualys Cloud Platform. Join our webinar, How to Meet CISA Shields Up Guidelines for Cyberattack Protection, on March 3, 2022.

Qualys recommends that all organizations, regardless of size, heighten their security posture based on the above actionable steps, to protect critical cyber infrastructure from potential state-sponsored, advanced cyberattacks. Qualys Cloud Platform remains continuously committed to high standards of security and compliance to safeguard customer data.  In this amplified threat environment, the entire Qualys team is available to help our customers improve cybersecurity and resilience.


Implement CISA’s Shields Up Guidance


Appendix:

CISA catalog of known exploited vulnerabilities by state attackers

CVEQIDTitleRelease DateCVSS_V3
CVE-2018-1337943702Fortinet Fortigate (FortiOS) System File Leak through Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Virtual Private Network (VPN) via Specially Crafted Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Resource Requests (FG-IR-18-384)9/12/20199.8
CVE-2019-165313405Cisco Small Business RV320 and RV325 Router Multiple Security Vulnerabilities1/29/20197.5
CVE-2019-272587386Oracle WebLogic Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (Oracle Security Alert Advisory – CVE-2019-2725)4/27/20199.8
CVE-2019-7609371687Kibana Multiple Security Vulnerabilities (ESA-2019-01,ESA-2019-02,ESA-2019-03)4/18/201910
CVE-2019-9670375990Zimbra XML External Entity Injection (XXE) Vulnerability8/12/20219.8
CVE-2019-1014950092Exim Remote Command Execution Vulnerability6/5/20199.8
CVE-2019-1151038771Pulse Connect Secure Multiple Security Vulnerabilities (SA44101)8/6/201910
CVE-2019-19781372305Citrix ADC And Citrix Gateway Arbitrary Code Execution Vulnerability(CTX267027)12/23/20199.8
CVE-2020-068850098Microsoft Exchange Server Security Update for February 20202/12/20209.8
CVE-2020-400613215VMware Workspace One Access Command Injection Vulnerability (VMSA-2020-0027)12/7/20209.1
CVE-2020-5902  38791  F5 BIG-IP ASM,LTM,APM TMUI Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (K52145254) (unauthenticated check)  7/5/2020  9.8
CVE-2020-1488287431Oracle WebLogic Server Multiple Vulnerabilities (CPUOCT2020)10/21/20209.8
CVE-2021-26855, CVE-2021- 26857 CVE-2021-26858, CVE-2021-27065    50107Microsoft Exchange Server Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (ProxyLogon)3/3/20219.8

See the full list of CISA known exploited vulnerabilities.

List of IOCs related to Hermetic Wiper aka KillDisk

SHA256 Hashes
0385eeab00e946a302b24a91dea4187c1210597b8e17cd9e2230450f5ece21da
06086c1da4590dcc7f1e10a6be3431e1166286a9e7761f2de9de79d7fda9c397
095c7fa99dbc1ed7a3422a52cc61044ae4a25f7f5e998cc53de623f49da5da43
0db5e5b68dc4b8089197de9c1e345056f45c006b7b487f7d8d57b49ae385bad0
1bc44eef75779e3ca1eefb8ff5a64807dbc942b1e4a2672d77b9f6928d292591
2c10b2ec0b995b88c27d141d6f7b14d6b8177c52818687e4ff8e6ecf53adf5bf
34ca75a8c190f20b8a7596afeb255f2228cb2467bd210b2637965b61ac7ea907
3c557727953a8f6b4788984464fb77741b821991acbf5e746aebdd02615b1767
4dc13bb83a16d4ff9865a51b3e4d24112327c526c1392e14d56f20d6f4eaf382
7e154d5be14560b8b2c16969effdb8417559758711b05615513d1c84e56be076
923eb77b3c9e11d6c56052318c119c1a22d11ab71675e6b95d05eeb73d1accd6
9ef7dbd3da51332a78eff19146d21c82957821e464e8133e9594a07d716d892d
a196c6b8ffcb97ffb276d04f354696e2391311db3841ae16c8c9f56f36a38e92
b01e0c6ac0b8bcde145ab7b68cf246deea9402fa7ea3aede7105f7051fe240c1
b60c0c04badc8c5defab653c581d57505b3455817b57ee70af74311fa0b65e22
b6f2e008967c5527337448d768f2332d14b92de22a1279fd4d91000bb3d4a0fd
c2d06ad0211c24f36978fe34d25b0018ffc0f22b0c74fd1f915c608bf2cfad15
d4e97a18be820a1a3af639c9bca21c5f85a3f49a37275b37fd012faeffcb7c4a
dcbbae5a1c61dbbbb7dcd6dc5dd1eb1169f5329958d38b58c3fd9384081c9b78
e5f3ef69a534260e899a36cec459440dc572388defd8f1d98760d31c700f42d5
f50ee030224bf617ba71d88422c25d7e489571bc1aba9e65dc122a45122c9321
fd7eacc2f87aceac865b0aa97a50503d44b799f27737e009f91f3c281233c17d

List of MITRE ATT&CK TIDs provided by CISA

TacticTechniqueProcedure
Reconnaissance [TA0043]Active Scanning: Vulnerability Scanning [T1595.002]
Russian state-sponsored APT actors have performed large-scale scans in an attempt to find vulnerable servers.
Phishing for Information [T1598]Russian state-sponsored APT actors have conducted spearphishing campaigns to gain credentials of target networks.
Resource Development [TA0042]Develop Capabilities: Malware [T1587.001]Russian state-sponsored APT actors have developed and deployed malware, including ICS-focused destructive malware.
Initial Access [TA0001]Exploit Public Facing Applications [T1190]Russian state-sponsored APT actors use publicly known vulnerabilities, as well as zero-days, in internet-facing systems to gain access to networks.
Supply Chain Compromise: Compromise Software Supply Chain [T1195.002]Russian state-sponsored APT actors have gained initial access to victim organizations by compromising trusted third-party software. Notable incidents include M.E.Doc accounting software and SolarWinds Orion.
Execution [TA0002]Command and Scripting Interpreter: PowerShell [T1059.003] and Windows Command Shell [T1059.003]Russian state-sponsored APT actors have used cmd.exe to execute commands on remote machines. They have also used PowerShell to create new tasks on remote machines, identify configuration settings, exfiltrate data, and to execute other commands.
Persistence [TA0003]Valid Accounts [T1078]Russian state-sponsored APT actors have used credentials of existing accounts to maintain persistent, long-term access to compromised networks.
Credential Access [TA0006]Brute Force: Password Guessing [T1110.001] and Password Spraying [T1110.003]Russian state-sponsored APT actors have conducted brute-force password guessing and password spraying campaigns.
OS Credential Dumping: NTDS [T1003.003]Russian state-sponsored APT actors have exfiltrated credentials and exported copies of the Active Directory database ntds.dit.
Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets: Kerberoasting [T1558.003]Russian state-sponsored APT actors have performed “Kerberoasting,” whereby they obtained the Ticket Granting Service (TGS) Tickets for Active Directory Service Principal Names (SPN) for offline cracking.
Credentials from Password Stores [T1555]Russian state-sponsored APT actors have used previously compromised account credentials to attempt to access Group Managed Service Account (gMSA) passwords.
Exploitation for Credential Access [T1212]Russian state-sponsored APT actors have exploited Windows Netlogon vulnerability CVE-2020-1472 to obtain access to Windows Active Directory servers.
Unsecured Credentials: Private Keys [T1552.004]Russian state-sponsored APT actors have obtained private encryption keys from the Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS) container to decrypt corresponding SAML signing certificates.
Command and Control [TA0011]Proxy: Multi-hop Proxy [T1090.003]Russian state-sponsored APT actors have used virtual private servers (VPSs) to route traffic to targets. The actors often use VPSs with IP addresses in the home country of the victim to hide activity among legitimate user traffic.
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